The ermine, an animal of the weasel family, also featured in many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I. Only one phoenix lives at a time, so it was also used to symbolize Elizabeth's uniqueness and longevity. The phoenixĪ phoenix is a mythological bird which never dies but, after 500 years, is consumed by fire and born again, making it a symbol of the Resurrection, endurance and eternal life. The 'Pelican Portrait' of Queen Elizabeth 1 c.1575 by Nicolas Hilliard. In the Middle Ages the pelican came to represent Jesus sacrificing himself on the cross for the good of mankind and the sacrament of communion, feeding the faithful with his body and blood. In the process of feeding the mother would die. In times of food shortages, mother pelicans were believed to pluck their own breasts to feed their dying young with their blood and save their lives. It was used to portray her motherly love to her subjects. The pelican was one of Elizabeth's favourite symbols. It was used to allude to Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, as the secular successor to the Virgin Mary.

The rose also had religious connotations, as the medieval symbol of the Virgin Mary. The Tudor rose was used in Queen Elizabeth I's portraits to refer to the Tudor dynasty and the unity it brought to the realm. These rival houses were united in 1486 by the marriage of the Lancastrian Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, which brought much-needed stability to the nation after years of civil war (the Wars of the Roses). The red and white Tudor rose was created by combining the emblem of the House of Lancaster (the red rose) with that of the House of York (the white rose). Tudor rose on a Medalet commemorating HMS 'Hampshire'. Learn more: artist Daniel Lismore reveals his Elizabethan inspiration It acts as a reassertion of Elizabeth's right to rule. However it also represents the claim made by the Tudors that they were descended from Brutus of Troy, who was by legend descended from Aeneas, the mythical founder and first king of Britain. The imperial crown depicted in the painting is often suggested to signify the pursuit of empire. These are thought to allude to the pillars of Hercules, the westernmost point of the classical world. In the Woburn Abbey and National Portrait Gallery version of the Armada Portrait you can see classical columns in the background. She is positioned as a calm force for good, in contrast with the chaos of Catholic Europe. In the Armada Portrait, Elizabeth faces toward the calm seas on her right and turns away from the stormy waters where the Spanish ships are floundering. Together the colours portray eternal virginity. Colour schemeīlack and white was Elizabeth’s key colour scheme and symbolise chastity and constancy. She is shown as the centre and source of warmth, beauty, and goodness. The circle of ruff extends from Elizabeth’s face like the Sun’s rays.

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